What is the cause of blood in the urine of children?

When a child has physical problems, parents should pay attention and observe. So what is the reason for children to urinate blood? What is the reason for children to urinate blood? When there is blood in the urine, the first thing to consider is kidney problems. Generally, there are two types of hematuria: glomerular and non-glomerular hematuria. For example, hematuria will occur when acute or chronic nephritis occurs, and a detailed examination of the urinary system should be carried out.

Causes

There are many causes of hematuria in children, which can be divided into two categories according to the source of hematuria: glomerular hematuria and non-glomerular hematuria.

Glomerular hematuria in children

Refers to hematuria originating from the glomerulus.

① Primary glomerulonephritis: It is the most common cause of hematuria in children. Such as various acute, chronic, and protracted glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, IgA nephropathy, etc. In addition to hematuria, there are also symptoms of proteinuria, edema, hypertension and renal insufficiency.

② Secondary glomerulonephritis: Common ones include hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus-related nephritis, purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis, nodular arteritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, infective endocarditis nephritis, etc. In addition to hematuria, it is often accompanied by clinical manifestations of the primary disease.

③ Familial hereditary glomerular diseases: common ones include hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome) and thin basement membrane nephropathy.

④ Simple hematuria: Clinically, it only manifests as persistent or recurrent microscopic hematuria, with or without paroxysmal macroscopic hematuria, and is not accompanied by other symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and renal dysfunction.

⑤ Transient hematuria after some strenuous exercise.

Non-glomerular hematuria in children

It refers to hematuria originating from the renal tubules, renal interstitium or urinary tract (including collecting system, ureters, bladder and urethra) and systemic diseases.

① Urinary tract infection: such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis, etc. In addition to bacterial infection, pathogens can also be caused by viruses, mycoplasma, fungi, parasites, etc.

② Urinary stones: kidney stones, bladder stones, and urethral stones.

③ Idiopathic hypercalciuria.

④ Drugs and chemical substances: antibiotics (such as aminoglycosides, cefotaxime, penicillin, sulfonamides), acetylsalicylic acid, anticoagulants (heparin, dicoumarol), cyclophosphamide, phenazone, cold medicine, phenol, heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, lead), etc.

⑤ Vascular lesions: nutcracker phenomenon (left renal vein compression syndrome), renal vein thrombosis, and renal arteriovenous fistula.

⑥ Urinary tract malformations: polycystic kidney, horseshoe kidney, sponge kidney, bladder diverticulum, hydronephrosis, etc.

⑦ Tumors: Wilms tumor, nephroblastoma, leukemia.

⑧Trauma: such as trauma, surgery, instrument damage, urethral foreign body, etc.

⑨ Lesions of adjacent organs: such as appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, etc.

⑩ Systemic diseases: thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, spontaneous hemorrhage of the newborn, etc.