What is the cause of hematuria in children?

Children are the hope of every family. They are the treasures in every parent's hands and the objects of careful care by the elders. Therefore, the health of children is particularly important. Some children will stop eating, drinking and sleeping well when they are sick, which makes many parents feel distressed and anxious. Hematuria is one of the diseases that gives parents a headache. So what exactly is going on with hematuria in children? I hope everyone can understand it.

First, constipation causes hematuria. Constipation often leads to hematuria. Constipation is the main cause of hematuria in children. Poor defecation often causes urethral injury and bleeding in children, and then urine is retained outside the body, forming hematuria.

Second, urinary stones cause hematuria. No matter which type of urethral stones it is, whether it is renal pelvic stones, urethral stones or bladder stones, it will hinder the transport of urine in the urethra, which will inevitably lead to urethral inflammation and bleeding, thereby causing hematuria.

Third, tumors cause hematuria. This cause is not common. Tumors in the kidneys or bladder may cause hematuria. Of course, this should not be ignored. If a child has this condition, it should be given top priority.

Fourth, kidney disease causes hematuria. Kidney disease is the main cause of hematuria. Various kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis will cause hematuria clinically.

There are many causes of hematuria in children, which can be divided into two categories according to the source of hematuria: glomerular hematuria and non-glomerular hematuria.

Glomerular hematuria

Refers to hematuria originating from the glomerulus.

① Primary glomerulonephritis: It is the most common cause of hematuria in children. Such as various acute, chronic, and protracted glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, kidney disease, etc. In addition to hematuria, there are also symptoms of proteinuria, edema, hypertension and renal insufficiency.

② Secondary glomerulonephritis: Common ones include hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus-related nephritis, purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis, nodular arteritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, infective endocarditis nephritis, etc. In addition to hematuria, it is often accompanied by clinical manifestations of the primary disease.

③ Familial hereditary glomerular diseases: common ones include hereditary nephritis (syndrome) and thin basement membrane nephropathy.

④ Simple hematuria: Clinically, it only manifests as persistent or recurrent microscopic hematuria, with or without paroxysmal macroscopic hematuria, and is not accompanied by other symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and renal dysfunction.

⑤ Transient hematuria after some strenuous exercise.

Non-glomerular hematuria

It refers to hematuria originating from the renal tubules, renal interstitium or urinary tract (including collecting system, ureters, bladder and urethra) and systemic diseases.

① Urinary tract infection: such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis, etc. In addition to bacterial infection, pathogens can also be caused by viruses, mycoplasma, fungi, parasites, etc.

② Urinary stones: kidney stones, bladder stones, and urethral stones.

③ Idiopathic hypercalciuria.

④ Drugs and chemical substances: antibiotics (such as aminoglycosides, cefotaxime, penicillin, sulfonamides), acetylsalicylic acid, anticoagulants (heparin, dicoumarol), cyclophosphamide, phenazone, cold medicine, phenol, heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, lead), etc.

⑤ Vascular lesions: nutcracker phenomenon (left renal vein compression syndrome), renal vein thrombosis, and renal arteriovenous fistula.

⑥ Urinary tract malformations: polycystic kidney, horseshoe kidney, sponge kidney, bladder diverticulum, hydronephrosis, etc.

⑦ Tumors: Wilms tumor, nephroblastoma, leukemia.

⑧Trauma: such as trauma, surgery, instrument damage, urethral foreign body, etc.

⑨ Lesions of adjacent organs: such as appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, etc.

⑩ Systemic diseases: thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, spontaneous hemorrhage of the newborn, etc.

After reading the above introduction about what causes hematuria in children, I think everyone should have some understanding. We must first have a detailed understanding of children's hematuria and identify the cause before we can obtain targeted treatment for the disease based on the application method. Parents should take good care of their children and prevent and treat various diseases and complications as early as possible.