Adverse reactions to tetanus vaccine at 6 years old

With the improvement of our current medical technology, people's health has become much better than before, and their life expectancy has generally been extended. This is inseparable from modern advanced medical care. I don’t know if you still remember that when you were a child, you often got vaccines. These vaccines helped us avoid many diseases, but we also had to abide by relevant rules when getting vaccinated, such as some vaccines that should not be given. So today let’s talk about the adverse reactions of children to diphtheria and tetanus vaccines.

Generally speaking, babies will experience local redness and swelling, accompanied by fever, after receiving the DTP vaccine. Some babies will have swollen lymph nodes on one side, but most of them will disappear after 2-3 days.

A small number of babies will experience side effects to varying degrees, namely:

1. Rash. It appears within hours or days after vaccination, and common symptoms include urticaria, scarlet fever, etc., with various forms. When a rash appears, it is accompanied by symptoms of fever and general discomfort.

2. Anaphylactic shock. It will occur within 1 hour after vaccination, and the main symptoms are pale complexion, difficulty breathing, cold limbs, and even fainting. If not treated in time, it will be life-threatening.

3. Shock-like syndrome. This is rare and can occur within 10 hours of vaccination. The main symptoms are pale complexion, drowsiness, irritability, and anorexia, most of which can recover on their own. In very rare cases, symptoms include sudden collapse and continuous screaming.

4. Angioedema: It will appear within 1-3 days after vaccination, with redness and swelling at the injection site, which will then spread to the entire upper arm.

Adverse reactions to DTP vaccine

The general reaction after the DTP vaccination is that some children will experience pain and redness at the injection site within 24 hours, mild fever, body temperature <38°C, and some will have swollen axillary lymph nodes on the injection side. At this time, let the children drink more water to promote the excretion of metabolic products in the body and lower the body temperature. Generally, no special treatment is required. The injection site is red, swollen and painful, with an obvious nodule larger than 5cm in diameter, which usually occurs about 1 week after the injection. The body temperature is <38℃ and can be treated with a clean hot wet compress made of a towel. The method is to fold the towel or gauze into a square, soak it in 60℃~70℃ hot water, wring it out slightly and apply it to the nodule. Change it every 5~10 minutes and continue for 20~30 minutes, at least 1~2 times a day. Massage will have a better effect. If the high fever persists or there are other abnormal reaction symptoms, the patient should be sent to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment in time, but antibiotics should not be given. This reaction usually lasts for 1 to 2 days before recovering on its own without requiring treatment.

Aggravated reactions are: induration and fluid accumulation at the injection site. If the local skin feels fluctuating when touched and the surface skin is not broken, you can give hot compresses and physical therapy. If there is no bacterial infection in the early stage, do not make an incision to drain the fluid, so as not to cause bacterial infection and fistula formation. If necessary, use a sterile syringe to draw the fluid at irregular intervals according to the aseptic operation requirements, or you can use ichthyol ointment for external application. If an abscess appears at the injection site and the surface skin has been broken, you can give an incision to drain the pus and expand the wound. Pay attention to protecting the wound surface, cooperate with antibiotic treatment, etc.

Treatment of abnormal reactions to diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccines

Abnormal nervous system reactions

1. Neuritis: It usually occurs 5 to 7 days or about two weeks after vaccination, or even longer, and is manifested by numbness and pain in the limbs, weakened or disappeared tendon reflexes, and in severe cases, symptoms such as muscle atrophy and paralysis may occur. Facial nerve paralysis and crooked corners of the mouth often occur.

2. Encephalopathy: It usually occurs within 3 days after vaccination, with symptoms such as convulsions, spasms, convulsions, coma or abnormal howling, but most patients can recover. Very few patients may have permanent damage, such as limb muscle atrophy and paralysis, mental retardation or epileptic seizures.

3. Allergic encephalomyelitis: It usually occurs 1 to 4 weeks after vaccination, with an average of about 10 days. Symptoms include sudden onset of symptoms, soreness of the limbs, numbness of the hands and feet, and may be accompanied by fever, irritability, drowsiness, vomiting, convulsions, and later reflex changes, hemiplegia, and cranial nerve paralysis. If the spinal cord is damaged, limb paralysis will occur, and some may have symptoms of meningeal irritation such as coma. The disease progresses rapidly in most patients, and gradually improves after the acute phase, but some individuals may have sequelae.

Treatment: For patients with abnormal nervous system reactions, 40 ml of 50% glucose can generally be injected intravenously twice a day, and adrenal corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone 100-200 mg intravenously can be used; for patients with encephalitis, dehydration treatment can be carried out with mannitol, etc., and drugs such as adenosine triphosphate, cytochrome c, coenzyme a, etc. that promote cell metabolism can be given, and appropriate supplements of vitamin C, vitamin B1 and B2 can be given.

rash

It usually appears a few hours or days after vaccination. The rash can have various forms, including urticaria, measles-like rash, scarlet fever-like rash, exudative papules, vesicular polymorphic rash, hemorrhagic rash or purpura. It can be systemic or localized, and the rash may be accompanied by symptoms such as fever and general discomfort. The treatment for rash is mainly anti-allergic, and hormone treatment can be used if necessary.

Anaphylactic shock

Within a few minutes or an hour after vaccination, a person may suddenly develop pale complexion, sweat profusely, have cold limbs, low blood pressure, dizziness, headache, difficulty breathing, or even fainting or cyanosis. If not treated in time, this may lead to death. Therefore, people must be vigilant about this. Once shock occurs, the patient should be laid flat immediately, and the following drugs should be used in sequence according to the severity of the disease:

1. 1:1000 epinephrine: 0.5-1 ml each time for adults and 0.02-0.03 ml per kilogram of body weight each time for children, subcutaneous injection. If there is no recovery after 10 minutes, use it again.

2. Hydrocortisone: For adults, add 100-200 mg each time to 250-500 ml of 5% glucose solution and drip intravenously. For children, add 2-4 mg per kilogram of body weight to 100 ml of 5% glucose solution and drip intravenously. In critical situations, 1/2-2/3 of the above amount of epinephrine can be diluted in 20-40 ml of 5% glucose solution and injected intravenously.

3. Dexamethasone: 10-20 mg each time for adults and 5-10 mg each time for children. Add to 10-20 ml of 5%-25% glucose solution and inject intravenously. Rehydrate promptly after injection.

4. Phentolamine: For patients who still do not see results after the above treatment, phentolamine may be given as appropriate. Generally, adults should take 10-20 mg each time, added to 250 ml of 5% glucose solution and intravenously drip; children should take 0.2-0.3 mg per kilogram of body weight each time, added to 50 ml of 5% glucose solution and intravenously drip.

5. Metahydroxylamine: For those who still have no effect, metahydroxylamine can be added as appropriate. For adults, 15-100 mg each time can be added to 250 ml of 5% glucose solution and intravenously dripped. For children, 0.3-2 mg per kilogram of body weight can be added to 100 ml of 5% glucose solution and intravenously dripped.

6. Other treatments: If the condition is critical and accompanied by dyspnea, oxygen should be given in time; if laryngeal edema is severe, tracheotomy should be performed; if bronchospasm occurs, aminophylline should be injected intravenously, 250 mg each time for adults and 2 to 4 mg per kilogram of body weight each time for children; if there is respiratory depression or weak heartbeat, endotracheal intubation should be performed if necessary.