The causes of hematuria in children can be divided into two points to understand

Hematuria in children should be taken seriously. Hematuria is one of the most common manifestations of pediatric urinary system diseases and is divided into macroscopic hematuria and microscopic hematuria. So, what is the cause of hematuria in children?

Glomerular hematuria refers to hematuria originating from the glomeruli.

① Primary glomerular hematuria is the most common cause of hematuria in children.

② Secondary glomerulonephritis: Common ones include hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus-related nephritis, purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis, nodular arteritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, infective endocarditis nephritis, etc. In addition to hematuria, it is often accompanied by clinical manifestations of the primary disease.

③ Familial hereditary glomerular diseases: common ones include hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome) and thin basement membrane nephropathy. ④

Simple hematuria: Clinical manifestations include persistent or recurrent microscopic hematuria, with or without paroxysmal macroscopic hematuria, and without other symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and renal dysfunction.

⑤ Transient hematuria after some strenuous exercise.

Non-glomerular hematuria

It refers to hematuria originating from the renal tubules, renal interstitium or urinary tract (including the collecting system, ureters, bladder and urethra) and systemic diseases.

① Urinary tract infection: such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis, etc. In addition to bacterial infection, pathogens can also be caused by viruses, mycoplasma, fungi, parasites, etc.

② Urinary stones: kidney stones, bladder stones, and urethral stones.

③ Idiopathic hypercalciuria.

④ Drugs and chemical substances: antibiotics (such as aminoglycosides, cefotaxime, penicillin, sulfonamides), acetylsalicylic acid, anticoagulants (heparin, dicoumarol), cyclophosphamide, phenazone, cold medicine, phenol, heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, lead), etc.

⑤ Vascular lesions: nutcracker phenomenon (left renal vein compression syndrome), renal vein thrombosis, and renal arteriovenous fistula.

⑥ Urinary tract malformations: polycystic kidney, horseshoe kidney, sponge kidney, bladder diverticulum, hydronephrosis, etc.

⑦ Tumors: Wilms tumor, nephroblastoma, leukemia.

⑧Trauma: such as trauma, surgery, instrument damage, urethral foreign body, etc.

⑨ Lesions of adjacent organs: such as appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, etc. ⑩ Systemic diseases: thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, spontaneous hemorrhage of the newborn, etc.